Proposal

Design requirements of an efficient solar thermal collector Incorporated Into excellent hot water systems: Detailed analysis of the irradiative and convective heat transfers Introduction: With the increasing problems associated with the fossil fuel related energy production, exploration and efficient utilization of renewable energy Is the key to have a sustainable energy future.Solar energy Is the main source of a clean and renewable energy, and collecting solar power as thermal energy Is becoming increasingly important especially at this time when there is increasing emphasis on enable energy and the cost of conventional power generation is increasing. Currently, solar thermal panels are becoming more and more popular because they can be placed on many buildings and common places, collecting and converting solar energy Into thermal energy, and supplying thermal energy through hot water systems.However, how to make solar energy collection and utilization more efficient is still a maj or problem. Literature Review: The solar thermal collector is the device that absorbs the incoming solar radiation, inverts it Into heat, and transfers this heat into fluid flowing through the collector. Thus, solar thermal collectors are special kind of heat exchangers that transform solar radiation energy to Internal energy of the transport medium. In recent years, many researches have been aimed to investigate and enhance the thermal efficiency of different kind of solar thermal collectors.Fernando-Garcia et al. Reviewed the parabolic-trough collectors and their Incorporation Into practical applications such as electricity generation and domestic hot water and space heating. Doughier et al. [2] researched the performance optimization of a solar water heater flat plate collector. Giuliani et al. Optimized solar water heating system through water replenishment. In addition, Caner et al. [4] used artificial neural network as a new method to conduct the thermal performance analysis s o as to obtain a more accurate result.Nonetheless, many questions remain unanswered. For example, incorporate an efficient solar thermal collector into existing hot water systems? What analyses should we do in order to design an efficient solar thermal collector? What approaches may we use for such analyses? Proposed Research: The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CUFF) has been applied to many practical engineering problems including CUFF modeling to analyses energy efficiency involving heat transfer, convection, thermal radiation and energy storage.CUFF related research projects being conducted by He's group across a broad selection of topics. For example, they reported that in the air conditioning industry chilled water storage systems are one form of cool thermal storage technology that can be used to time haft the electrical load of the system from the peak day periods to off peak night time periods[5]. Therefore, CUFF simulation and modeling should significantly help us finding an swers to the above questions and contributing to the improvement of the efficiency of solar energy collection, storage and utilization.As a senior student majoring in Thermal Energy and Power Engineering, I have a solid knowledge background on Heat Transfer, Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and CUFF. I have also had real world internships such that during my internship at XX, I acquired an amount of knowledge on the research of the solar water heater in buildings. In addition, the project XX that I am currently doing enables me to use CUFF well, and helps me understand the overall concept and process of how to conduct a research. Furthermore, I have communicated with XX, and has agreed to help me and guide me in my research project.The main objective of this proposed research is to evaluate the design requirements of an efficient solar thermal collector supported by detailed analysis of the irradiative and convective heat transfers. Detailed analyses of the irradiative and convectiv e heat transfers will be conducted, and the design requirements of an efficient solar thermal collector will be evaluated. With the results obtained through detailed analyses and evaluations, the research will aim to design, construct and test the requirements of efficient solar thermal collectors that are incorporated into existing hot water systems. Proposal Hotel International and the Roaring Dragon Hotel alma Student Sullivan university MGM 510 Executive Summary This proposal provides a roadman toward Improving communications between the Hotel International (HI), a global hotelier, and the management control of the Roaring Dragon Hotel (3RD), one of the original three-star hotels in southwest China and a state owned enterprise (Grainier, 2008).Failure to recognize cultural norms and the relationship between employees, customers, and contractors will result in dramatic failure of modernization and an effective business plan (Grainier, 2008). Introduction: Management Control Takeover The management control takeover of the Roaring Dragon Hotel (3RD). One of the original three-star hotels in southwest China had a direct impact on the hotel's employees, its popularity among current customers, and generating profit. 3RD is a state owned enterprise located in southwest China by Hotel International (HI), a global hotelier (Grainier, 2008).McNa lly (2011) observed, â€Å"Over the past thirty years China has witnessed a gradual transition towards a capitalist political economy with an emphasis on capital accumulation, market competition, and International economic Integration† (p. 1). Background: Deployment of corporate Governance and Global Marketing The provincial government was concerned that the hotel would not meet their potential and needed modernization. The current general manager, Titan Went, focused more on the security of its employees and not the hotel's profit margin.The state negotiated new management hoping to drive increased revenue (Grainier, 2008). Currently, the 3RD had a great reputation. â€Å"Since the early sass it had enjoyed a long, colorful history and reputation as the region's premium guesthouse† (Grainier, p. 1). Problem: Organizational culture There was a deep division separating the organization cultures of RED and HI. The HI business strategy and environment went against the cur rent guan-based or Influence-based organizational culture. Guan Is the Chinese word describing Chinese business.The culture at 3RD promoted social business relations, drinking and eating etiquette, exchanging gifts and donations for favors. RED employees have a strong psychological need associated with receiving and giving â€Å"perks† that is tied their self-identification. These interpersonal relationships with each other and customers are relatable to both partnerships and friendships (Yuan & Allele, 2007). In addition, 3RD employees were excited to work for the hotel because it showed they had achieved status based on the strength of their social connections.3RD was not as worried about the hotel's decline in popularity, revenue, or in delivering quality service standards. 3RD also had a long nepotistic history tied to the Guiana culture (Grainier, 2008). HI considered the networks of influence irrelevant and changed non-productive behaviors. New performance standards wer e enacted and employees unwilling to meet these new standards were fired. HI also began processing scheduled redundancy program. Once a place considered as secure employment, became uncertain and untrustworthy.This caused a deep division separating organizational cultures between RED and HI (Grainier, 2008). Another concern was the lose of important contracts. Nu If Travel was unsatisfied with the new pricing structures and canceled all future tours. This caused a reduction in revenue and also made competition look more favorable for unhappy employees. The conditions at 3RD continued to deteriorated with the loss of industry contacts and Guiana connections (Grainier, 2008).Opportunities: Satisfied Employees & Success HI has the business strategy to promote efficiency in the hotel's domestic management style and processes, thereby increasing income and popularity if they recognize the risk of alienating the current organizational culture. A healthy balance should be addressing all th e concerns from both parties (Grainier, 2008). Robertson wrote, â€Å"people form personal intentions to achieve a variety of desired outcomes, and are satisfied with their Job to the extent that they perceive these goals will be successfully attained† (2009).By improving communications, HI has the opportunity to promote efficiency and improve processes at 3RD with the help of the employees. Recommendation: Open Communications HI should give special consideration to address changes in culture and conditions within 3RD with open communications between HI management, 3RD employees, contractors, and the public (Grainier, 2008). Addressing concerns and anticipating current customers' needs and expectations will help the â€Å"gradual transition towards a capitalist political economy with an emphasis on capital accumulation, market competition, and international economic integration† (McNally, p. ). Communicate hanged, train new employees, inform contractors, and especially listen to your customers and the public (Grainier, 2008). Want, D (1999) asserted, â€Å"Guiana practices have played an important role in China's capitalist transition, making them an indispensable element of any conceptualization of Chinese capitalism† (as cited in McNally, p. 7). Friendship, trust, honesty, influences offer a more direct and open communication style. By nurturing relationships already established and identifying critical industry contacts, HI can positively establish themselves in the China market (McNally, 2011) (Grainier, 2008). Proposal They published their products in faceable and customer can order through sending message or phonically or else vaults the store. Is hassle for the customer to go their store especially if their house Is far from the store. It is not convenient to the customer to talk in phone to ask about the products and also it makes hassle to the owner to explain the product one by one. Imagine how many customer will call in one day to ask about the product so it's really makes hassle. The company need computerizing system in order to manage their time and also customer can read/view the product so they don't need to make a call to ask the owner to explain the product one by one.It also a big benefits to the store to Increase he sales. Through Online Ordering System it can minimize the time for the customer and the owner. Let organized and meet the needs of customers more efficiency and reliable. Customer can order anytime they want. Statement of the Problem The problem was lacking of online websi te system. The Barbara Pearl has no specific software that help customer In ordering through online _ The Barbara Pearl manage their business manually especially in taking customers order. More hassle to the customer to order especially if they are far from the store.Objectives of the Study To Increase speed of service, sales volume and customers satisfaction To enable customers to know the all beauty products of Barbara Pearl before ordering To increase level of accuracy To be able to stand out from competitors by automating daily operations which will give the beauty product providers the opportunity to increase sales To reduce time wasting by eliminating long queues To develop orders for faster and reliable transaction and process Significance of the Study This project is designed to provide an easy access of customers in getting their orders.The researchers will create an online Ordering system for Barbara Pearl Cosmetics that will help the company to increase more customers and make the procedure of ordering much easier. Scope and limitation of the Study Cosmetics since they are still using a manual system in their transactions, payments and even in generating reports. As for the Members, the system will provide an area wherein they can view and manage their orders. They can also request for tracking status provided that they purchased an item. Unlike the members, the guest can only browse the website but no transactions can be held unless they would register. Proposal This document is a proposal for the â€Å"Online Notice Board System† as a major project for my partial fulfillment of the course of Bachelors in Information Technology. The system will be a client-server model and also web-based to facilitate easy access to all clients regard less of where they are and also of the machines they are using. I will also try to integrate the system from the computer desktop program into a mobile application app such as Android and Windows mobile.A motherboard is a wooden or even metal boards where people can leave public assuages, e. G advertise things to buy or sell, events or even memos. My aim in this project is to ease and make information dissemination much easier in a paperless institution such as Await Tablet University College. I intend to focus on Await Tablet University College whereby the software will major be used for Administration purposes. It is intended to support the existing method by which notices and memos are posted in the U niversity environment. Many University and institutions, particularly UTC rely on the wooden motherboard hanging on a wall to display announcement, I. At the library, outside each hostel, at the department offices and also at the administration offices. Many students and staffs face the following problems: 1 . Struggle to check a sing notice board e. G Exam results 2. Destroyed memos and lot of information lost leaving many students uninformed 3. Unregulated display of information (any person can develop a memo and display on the notice board) This project looks at the above problems and try to come up with a solution.Develop a software with a client and server side so as to develop the digital notice board DON) program that will be installed in various computers that a re connected within the Local Area Network of the university compound so as to help spread the information displayed in the notice board faster. 1 . Check the current form of displaying information 2. Develop the Onl ine Notice Board for UTC 3. Test the program with real data. Has UTC implemented the system in its environment? Will UTC adopt the system being developed? How the system will be implemented. Feedback from students and staffs of UTC

Word of Thanks

Ambitions could not be fulfilled without determination; goals cannot be achieved without sacrifices, and success could not be acquired without rising above Intrigues. Our honored guest and speaker, distinguished visitors, our respected school administrator, Madam Mercy L. Sales, beloved teachers, dear parents, fellow graduates, friends, ladies and gentlemen, good morning. As students, we often complained about our difficulties and adversities. However, you all would agree with me that this difficulties and challenges made us better individuals ready to face whatever disappointments in the future.Thus, we are all here today, standing before everyone else, able to proclaim to the world that we have survived the battles we have fought for all the years we have stayed in this institution. But we would never be here today, without the help and support of the people who In one way or another are part of what we are now. This Is the right moment and occasion we can express our gratitude and give them honor. First of all, we are very much grateful to ours Almighty God, the ultimate source of our strength and courage to face life.Everything we are now and everything we will be, we offer to the honor and glory of God. Our heartfelt gratitude goes to our dearly beloved parents, who consoled us, sweated for us and guided us like a kite gliding higher into the skies. Especially, I would like to acknowledge my parents, Mr.. Remnant Mobil and Ms. Angelina Appellation whose efforts and sacrifices have nourished me colorful and beautifully. Ma, Pa, even though we don't live under the same roof, I know and I believe that you've done your part to me as my guardians.Maybe not perfectly but In a way everyone would be proud of. For me, you're the best parents in the world. To my beloved Lass, loss, uncles, mommies and daddies, thank you for the time and efforts you've given In order to help me fulfill my ambitions In life. You are all so special to me. Our sincerest thanks also go t o our wonderful teachers, who patiently taught us not only the concepts of different subjects but most especially the values of life. Teachers, thank you for helping us discover what we are able to become. Truly, you've done great help in bringing out the best in us.And of course, our profound gratitude and appreciation to our respected school principal, Madam Mercy L. Sales, for making Mulligan National High School our friendly and conducive second home. Our triumphs would not be completed without the guidance and support of our beloved Alma Matter, Mulligan National High School who nourished, built and armored us to become worthy individuals dressed In Impregnable armor of knowledge to face the more complicated, spiritual, social and political confrontations of the future. My fellow graduates, graduation carries with it the marks of success in our s not everything.We must remember that this day is not the end our struggles. Rather, it is the beginning of a serious and responsible life ahead. As we separate our ways to another chapter of our lives, let us always be reminded that we should have deep and abiding commitment to participate and dedicate ourselves to the task of building a community equals under an environment of shared community. We bring change where it is needed, expertise where it is missing and leadership where it is wanting. As Mulligan Nationalists, this is our commitment. Thank you and again, good morning.

Case study garuda indonesia

Mr. Mohammad Soeparno, President Director of Garuda Indonesia Airways III. Major Policy Statement Garuda Indonesia Airways, the largest airline in the Southern Hemisphere, is a provider of air transportation and a guarantor of quality service that supports the success of the development of transportation and tourism, aiming to be one of the world’s top airlines in the year 2000. IV. Current Operational Plans Management 1. The management made an assessment of the company’s strengths and weaknesses relative to the environmental opportunities and threats. In order to respond to the increasing uncertainty in the environment in which Garuda operates, the management found it necessary to adopt a â€Å"strategic thinking† in making plans to reach the following goals: 1. To be one of the world’s top 10; 2. to give excellent service; to be more professional in commercial air transportation; and 4. To increase finance condition by reaching 5% profit before tax. 2. Panca Program – five point programs in order to reach their objectives. Panca Program contained the following elements: 1. To increase fleet utilization; 2. To improve employees’ welfare; 3. To improve service; 4. To implement the national civil aviation policy as decreed by the Minister of Communication; and 5. To boost tourism. 3. In 1985, Garuda introduced service to the U. S. under an interchange agreement with Continental Airlines of the U. S but Garuda’s interchange agreement with Continental also came to an end in 1986. This gave rise to the involvement of two or more airlines in the same flight serving a particular route. The airlines involved share of the revenues, the costs, or the profit generated by the joint service. 4. Garuda’s â€Å"strife doctrine† which means consistent in reaching â€Å"national objectives. † 5. Garuda Indonesia was classified as a PT (PERSERO) issued by the government of Indonesia, Garuda assumed a dual role as â€Å"agent of development† and as a â€Å"profit-seeking† enterprise. Marketing 1. To promote Garuda’s â€Å"Executive Class,† Garuda ran full-page color advertisements in overseas business newspapers and magazine featuring photography of different but equally satisfied-looking business passengers (all Caucasians), complete with their identification and testimonials. 2. Garuda’s advertising looked much more aggressive than ever before. Garuda also ran a series of advertisements capitalizing the new livery. The introduction of the new convenience in purchasing Garuda tickets using American Express cards in November 1986 was also widely advertised. When a passenger subsequently wished to pay with an American Express card, however, the girl at Garuda sales counter at Soekarno-Hatta airport in Jakarta succeeded to discourage the use of the credit card. Another series of advertisement appeared to promote international cargo service, apparently to show the company’s support to the government’s campaign to boost Indonesia’s non-oil exports. 3. The logo of Garuda Indonesia Airways was changed. The new logo used â€Å"Garuda Indonesia† instead of â€Å"Garuda Indonesia Airways† and the whole livery from red-and-white dominated colors to different shades of blue. Garuda, the bird carrying the God Vishnu in the Hindu mythology, was made to look more like the exotic bird of paradise in the new logo. The passengers were pleasantly surprised by the cleaner appearance of the aircraft’s exterior interior which came about from the re-painting and from changing the upholstery. 4. Garuda’s souvenirs for first class and business class were better designed and there was already and expanded wine list on Garuda’s international flights. 5. To help promote tourism, Garuda introduced â€Å"Visit Indonesia Air Pass† under 3 different packages. The 5-city package cost 300 US Dollars, the 10-city package cost 400 US Dollars, and 35-city package cost 500 US Dollars. Eligibility was restricted to foreign nationals and the purchase must be made outside of Asia with the exception of Japan. Holiday packages inclusive of accommodation, transfers, tours, or meals were also available. 6. Garuda has sales channels distributed to big and potential cities. Finance 1. Mr. Wiweko Supono’s (former President Director of Garuda before Mr. Lumenta) management reported a net loss of 46 million US Dollars for the year ended December 1983, and when replaced by Mr. Lumenta, it’s management inherited foreign debts amounting close to 1.3 billion US Dollars at 12% interest per annum and in the words of then Commercial Director of that time, Mr. Soeparno, â€Å"a weak system in every aspect. † 2. The construction cost of the training center for Garuda’s Human Resource Development reported by the company was 31 billion rupiah. Twelve months later, Garuda signed a purchase contract for a DC-19 simulator costing 11. 5 million US Dollars finance d through an EXIM Bank soft loan. Operations 1. Garuda’s business class was given a new emphasis to attract more passengers paying the full fare. It has been promoted as â€Å"Executive Class† and it has become the premiere class on flights aboard the Airbus A-300 and the DC-9. Garuda has even relocated the business-class section on its Boeing-747 flights from the small upper deck to the more spacious main deck in front normally reserved for first-class passengers. The first-class section has since occupied the upper deck. 2. There was a resumption of serving snacks and soft drinks on Garuda’s short domestic flights to give the passengers a bit of refreshment and because of this, instead of 30 more passengers, Garuda managed to attract about 200, luring them from its domestic competitors. 3. To further improve Garuda’s service to its passengers flying from overseas on the big Boeing 747 bound for Bali, Garuda introduced in-flight immigration inspection on its Tokyo-Jakarta-Bali flights. The priority was given to Bali-bound flights because the terminal building at the airport in Denpasar, Bali was too small to give shelter to the hundreds of arriving passengers queuing for immigration clearance. 4. For Garuda’s improvement of their fleet deployment, Garuda added new routes and increased frequently on the existing ones. In 1985, Garuda introduced service to the U. S.under an interchange agreement with Continental Airlines of the U. S. A Garuda DC-10 was used for the operation and Garuda’s crew flew the plane between Jakarta and Guam via Bali and Biak in Irian Jaya. Then, in Guam Continental’s crew took over the plane for the continuation of the journey to Los Angeles via Honolulu. Aircraft deployment was further increased by leasing another o f Garuda’s DC-19 to Continental. Garuda’s interchange agreement with Continental came to an end in 1986 and instead, Garuda began serving Guam from Jakarta via Bali and Manado once a week flying a DC-10. Joint operations with other airlines were subsequently introduced to include Singapore-Bali with Singapore Airlines (twice weekly), Kuala Lumpur-Bali with Malaysian Airlines (twice weekly), Hong Kong-Bali with Cathay Pacific (twice weekly), and Manila-Jakarta with Philippines Airlines (twice weekly). 5. Garuda added a new service from Jakarta to Frankfurt, giving the airline 8 flights a week from Jakarta. Two years later the number increased to 10. In addition, Garuda introduced once a week service from Bali to Amsterdam as a joint operation with K. L. M.and from Bali to Frankfurt, giving the airline a total of 12 Boeing-747 flights a week from Indonesia to Europe by the end of 1987. Although the past management under Mr. Lumenta hardly added new destinations in the Middle East, Asia and Australia, they did add capacity to the existing routes by either increasing frequency or using a larger aircraft, or a combination thereof. Garuda did not add capacity significantly in its domestic operation linking 35 cities. Mr. Soeparno explained that such policy decision was intentional in view of the limited growth opportunities in the domestic market since the crash of oil boom. Human Resources 1. The salaries of Garuda’s flight personnel were increased by 60% to 70%, the purpose of this decision was to give moral support to the troops. The staffs were changed, with high spirit. Morale was improved and with it so as service. 2. Garuda has brought on their flights Indonesian immigration officers and Japanese stewardess in addition to their regular cabin crew on their introduction of in-flight immigration inspection on its Tokyo-Jakarta-Bali flights. 3. Human resource development received new emphasis. A state-of-the-art training center on 64 hectares of land near the international airport of Jakarta was opened in November 1986. Among the facilities available were a B-747 simulator, and 2 mock-up cabins. Garuda had on its payroll 600 pilots, 1,500 cabin attendants, and 700 maintenance mechanics. V. Statement of the Problem How will Mr Mohammad Soeparno implement a better system improvement and enhance Garuda Indonesia Airways’ ability to deal with the challenges it may face and during his term and beyond? VI. Statement of Objectives Short term 1. To give excellent air transportation service and increase fleet utilization. 2. To continue its international flights as long as it does not interfere with the efforts to increase domestic schedules. 3. To increase finance condition by reaching 5% profit before tax. Long term 1. To make Garuda Indonesian Airways be one of the world’s top 10 airlines. 2. To be able to recover all the net losses and debts inherited from the past administrations. 3. To be more competitive internationally. VII. SWOT Analysis Strengths 1. Garuda Indonesia monopolizes the use of jets. 2. Garuda has many kinds of aircrafts to be used according demand, landing trip condition, distance and flight operation. 3. Garuda has an Indonesian graphic situation which needs air transportation. 4. It has product line: First Executive or Business, Economy Classes; so that customers are given alternatives to choose their class flights. 5. It has product diversifications: caterings, hotels. These products support the main product, that is, the airline service. 6. It has sales channels distributed to big and potential cities. 7. Indonesia’s â€Å"National Resources† which support business/non-business activities in Indonesia. 8. Strife doctrine which means consistent in reaching â€Å"National Objectives. † Weaknesses 1. Systems in all aspects: sales preparation, flight, supervisory. 2. The quality of pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight services which are still low. 3. The biggest international segment is low yield. 4. Spare parts and other aircraft equipment are still imported; this needs longer time. 5. The company’s organization is still unsteady. This situation makes organizational behaviour incompetent in supporting the company. Opportunities 1. Political will of the government in tourism. 2. The still-abundant-available seat capacity. 3. Government Regulation on Tariff. 4. The strengthening currency of the countries from where tourists come to Indonesia. 5. The better condition of the world’s economy. 6. The progress in business climate in Indonesia. Threats 1. Protectionism from certain countries, especially in traffic rights. 2. The development of other means of transportation, especially for near-distance transportation. 3. The uncertain economic situation. 4. Technology development in aircraft manufacture. As the result of this development, the old aircrafts are no longer economical enough to be marketed. 5. The bureaucracy which still caused problems in managing company professionalism. VIII. Alternative Courses of Action 1. Mr Mohammad Soeparno could continue the successful policies of Mr. Lumenta, the former President Director of Garuda Indonesia Airways. 2. Mr Mohammad Soeparno could make his own set of policies based on his abilities and what he thinks is the better way, with the help of his own management team. 3. Mr. Mohammad Soeparno could IX. Analysis of Alternatives 1. Mr Mohammad Soeparno could enhance Garuda Indonesia Airways’ ability to deal with the challenges it may face during his term and beyond by continuing the successful policies of Mr. Lumenta, the former President Director of Garuda Indonesia. Airways. Advantage: Under Mr. Lumenta’s management, Mr. Soeparno was thereof very pleased to see the company making a profit for the first time in more than a decade, to the tune of a modest rupiah 300 million. This result confirmed Mr. Soeparno’s confidence in the effectiveness of the policies adopted by Mr. Lumenta upon the latter’s appointment as President Director of Garuda in 1984. Mr. Soeparno as the President Director of Garuda could continue all of these and at the same time set all of his new policies that could go into the current policies. It would be safe if Mr. Lumenta use all the current policies that made Garuda successful. It doesn’t mean that if the leader has changed, the policies will also follow especially if the policies of the last leadership were good enough or the best way the company had to be successful. He may just continue some, change some and add some. Disadvantage: The disadvantage of this alternative is that all the board of directors, shareholders. Stockholders, employees and everyone under his management may think that Mr. Soeparno cannot manage the airlines in his own way because he would just be doing what Mr. Lumenta have done in his administration. They may lose confidence in him and might pressure Mr. Lumenta to do new set of policies, which may be not good enough for the company. 2. Mr Mohammad Soeparno could make his own set of policies based on his abilities and what he thinks is the better way, with the help of his own management team. Advantage: Mr. Soeparno who is a part of Garuda for a long time already knows the company well. He can see what to do and what not to do so he will be able to set new and better policies for the company. In fact, he was the Commercial Vice President before he was inaugurated as the new President Director. He will not be trusted to be the new President Director if he doesn’t have the ability to make it a better one. Disadvantage: It could be very risky to set new policies again after all of those net losses in the past and it may extinguish the success Garuda is currently experiencing. Setting new policies may involve different kinds of spending Garuda’s money depending on what policy Mr. Soeparno is going to implement. And spending may lead again to net losses especially if this change of policy will not be effective. It is always safe to spend less that spend more if you are still not sure of the outcome a certain action may give. 3. Advantage: Disadvantage: X. Decision Statement Mr Mohammad Soeparno could enhance Garuda Indonesia Airways’ ability to deal with the challenges it may face during his term and beyond by continuing the successful policies of Mr. Lumenta, the former President Director of Garuda Indonesia. This alternative was chosen because Mr. Soeparno being a memberof Mr. Lumenta’s management team for a long time, had the opportunity to involve himself with the management in its efforts to develop and implement new strategies to turn around the airline, which posted a net loss of 7 million US Dollars into profitability. He was thereof very pleased to see the company making a profit for the first time in more than a decade, to the tune of a modest rupiah 300 million. This result confirmed Mr. Soeparno’s confidence in the effectiveness of the policies adopted by Mr. Lumenta upon the latter’s appointment as President Director of Garuda in 1984. Mr. Soeparno as the President Director of Garuda could continue all of these and at the same time set all of his new strategies that could go into the current policies. It could be very risky to set new policies again after all of those successes but of course; Mr. Soeparno can always adjust and change all of these when the situation tells it to do so. Alternatives 2 and 3 were not chosen because XI. Implementation Program Short range 1. Review the policies under Mr. Lumenta’s term and determine which of these would still be fitting and useful under the administration of the new President Director Mr. Soeparno. The policies under Mr. Lumenta’s management may serve as a guide in the present administration to continuously ensure the success of Garuda. 2. Mr. Lumenta should form a reliable and trustworthy management team that will help him execute and monitor the implementation of all the policies in the most effective way. 3. Status quo – Mr. Soeparno could simply do nothing with the existing policies and just let the existing policies be as it is since it has helped a lot in the success of Garuda. Long range 1. If there are policies that should be replaced because it is not fitting and useful in the present time, this is the time that Mr. Soeparno could set his new policies that would be suitable for the current situation. 2. 3. XII. Proposed Operational Plans Management 1. The Panca Program of the past administration was satisfied and it would be better of Mr. Soeparno could make another program that could guide him and Garuda to aim for the best after its recovery. It could be called as, â€Å"A Better Panca Program† or he could change its name. This program may include goals more advanced than the previous Panca Program, example: â€Å"to give a high quality service† or may continue some of its goals like to increase fleet utilization and to help boost tourism. 2. It can also be helpful if they will have more partnerships with different bodies of companies for them to have a lot of associates that may help them in their fleet utilization, publicity, better technology and etc. , it can be like what they have done with having an agreement with Continental Airlines of the U. S. Marketing 1. Garuda was said to have a lack in visibility and it would be better if they will add their publicity through promoting Garuda by having more advertisements, not just in print but it can be in television and radio. They would just have to allot a budget for this and they can do it now especially that they are already recovering. 2. Garuda could add some more promos because most of the tourists and travellers of today are already looking after this. There can be holiday promos, like for Christmas, summer, Valentines and many others. Finance 1. Garuda can have loans with a certain bank, or it is better if they will have a partnership with this bank to help them fund their different activities regarding their system improvement and fleet utilization. But Garuda should always be careful about this because they already have losses and debts in the past year. They can hire better people that would handle their finance department and Mr. Soeparno as well should be very vigilant and watchful in this case so Garuda can be safe and be out of all the losses and debts it may procure if any unfavourable situation happens. Operations 1. Garuda should also concentrate on having a technology enhancement. It is important that they resolve their computerized reservation system because this system is very helpful for passengers because they would not have to go to Garuda personally and they can just do it into their homes and offices. It will be a big help especially now that travellers are always looking after comfort and having transactions at a very low cost. 2. Garuda should also have their aircrafts be at their best condition, always. So they should really allocate money for its maintenance and if possible have their own maintenance for their wide-bodied aircrafts to lessen the cost it procures when it has to be done overseas. Their aircrafts are really important so they should give number 1 priority to this. Human Resources 1. One of Garuda’s goals to improve their employee’s welfare, and as now it is just safe to still continue giving the salary that they are currently having because the past administration just increased it 60% to 70%. Garuda should just concentrate in their human resource development by having continuous trainings for all their employees especially the pilots. XIII. Other Problems and Recommendations Other Problems Recommendations 1. The need for a more thorough maintenance due to the lack of cleanliness habits on the part of the most Indonesian passengers and crews. 1. Garuda should hire a better maintenance service provider that will make sure that Garuda will have better cleanliness habits. 2. Garuda’s competitors were modernizing their fleets at faster rates. 2. Garuda should be able to 3. Failure of Garuda’s computerized reservation system due to frequent electrical power stoppages and poor ground telecommunication lines within Indonesia. 3. Garuda should try to seek help from an expert on this technology and as well from the government regarding the poor ground telecommunication lines. Garuda should also 5. Garuda’s inability to put its hard-fought traffic rights to full utilization. 5. Garuda should stop fighting for its right to have a 6. Overseas maintenance of wide-bodied aircraft poses a high cost at 40 to 50%. 6. XIV. Management Lessons Learned 1. There should be a strong management team that handles the company because this is a 2.

Omega 3 fatty acids (and their role) in Nutrition Research Paper

Omega 3 fatty acids (and their role) in Nutrition - Research Paper Example These are termed essential fatty acids, because they are mandatory nutrients for health, but cannot be synthesized by the body. There is a general scientific consensus that the consumption of omega-3 fatty acids should be greater than that of omega-6. The parent fatty acid of omega-3 fatty acids is alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). ALA Â  is converted in the body to the fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for further metabolism. (NIH, 2005). A study of the functions of omega-3 fatty acids, the dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids, the adverse effects of fatty acid deficiency, and the role of these fatty acids in the prevention of disease, reveals that the intake of omega-3 fatty acids through food and nutritional supplements is of paramount importance to good health. Omega-3 fatty acids perform several important functions. EPA produces hormone-like agents called eicosanoids, which regulate physiological processes. EPA is concerned with cell division and growth, blood clotting, muscle activity, secretion of digestive juices and hormones, and the permeability and flexibility of the cell membranes. It also reduces inflammatory responses. DHA is an essential contributor to brain function and development. The brain synapses show a concentration of DHA, indicating that it plays a role in signal transmission in the nervous system. DHA also produces resolvins, which reduce inflammation in the brain. (NIH, 2005). In addition, DHA plays an important role in vision, regulating the development and function of the retina. Another function of omega-3 fatty acids is in the regulation of gene expression, particularly in the metabolism of fatty acids and inflammation. (Higdon, 2012). The richest food sources of ALA are flaxseed oil (I tablespoon = 7.3 g) and walnuts (1 ounce = 2.6 g). Other dietary sources are canola oil, soybean oil, mustard oil and tofu. However, as ALA has to be converted into EPA and DHA,

A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen - Research Paper Example Consequently, it is via these events where people while mingling embrace their effective roles based on genders evident in the play. In this play, the author significantly explores the aspect of feminism in the society with intention of creating senses of social equality in regards to both genders. In this play, act as recipients of both oppression and unfair treatment that makes them appear as men’s play objects. Ibsen illustrates an aspect of mistreatment of women through one of the character Nora, where the male individual oppresses the female especially at the family level (Ibsen 24). Henrik exemplifies oppression on women in the society quite evident at various social, economic and political avenues. However, his focus is at family level where the male gender seems to assumes the top rank whereas are subjects almost close to the children they have given birth. Oppression against the female gender is also evident globally whereby despite the level of development of that given region women end up not receiving economic support. As a result, they have no mediums to air the grievances that can help them to demand liberation or champion the colleagues to embrace liberation. The play thus reveals oppression against women by illustrating the societal perception of women. For instance, the society perceives women as the secondary citizen according to the play, as she depends mostly on a man for her survival and existence. According to the play, a woman should be inferior to a man, and her actions should not override the males’ decisions and actions. Parents play an important role in establishing the inferiority complex in the female’s childhood exposure. Nora’s father is an essential initiator of Nora’s perception of the male superiority since her childhood, thus she grew up with the knowledge that the female has to be a male’s subject (Ibsen 104).  Ã‚  

Research report Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Report - Research Paper Example An understanding of these web-technologies will require a research report in order to understand them. Ajax and Google analytics will be examined and investigated in order to provide an understanding and finally implement them in the product. Functional and non-functional requirements will be addressed in the research report. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Review of Literature and Technologies 5 System Requirement Analysis 9 Project Rationale 9 Functional Requirements 10 Non-functional Requirements 13 Booking Websites Design Patterns 13 The technologies that will be used 15 CSS – Cascading Style Sheets and HTML 5 15 JavaScript and JQuery 16 AJAX 16 PHP and MySQL 17 Proposed Methodology 17 Summary or Conclusion 18 Introduction There is no doubt that since the 1960s, the internet has matured has now become one of the most common technologies used in the world. It has nonetheless become a valuable and new form of communication that has effectively collapsed all physical and geo graphical barriers. There are many reasons given for its success, one of them is the simplicity of its architecture which can be summarised as being a network of networks. Clients can make request to a computer via several protocols such as TCP/IP, Domain Name Servers (DNS) are used to lookup URL requests and translate words into IP addresses. One of the key recent milestones in the internet has been the emergence of internet 2.0. The benefits of this have been exploited by developers and corporations and thus the explosion of apps such as Skype, video on demand, API’s and interactive games have become one of the most common features of internet usage today. Other advantages include not having to refresh a whole page, page state can be maintained and inputted text is also saved (Campesato & Nilson 2010). All of these factors ensure a much smoother experience for the user. In this regard, the internet has become a more competitive marketing tool in the tourism and hospitality industry (Doolin et al. 2002). It has today become a common feature for travellers and tourists worldwide to rely on the power and capability of the internet powered by web 2.0 technologies to interact with businesses all over the world. They are able to gather information on prices, offers, packages, and destinations online or from the internet, conveniently, at least, at the comfort of their homes, offices, or even while on the move (Gaona et al. 2013). The latter is facilitated by the advanced in technology with regards to the capability of handheld devices including smartphones, laptops, and tablet computers (Greenspan 2004). Further, many hoteliers, and tour operators are regarding the internet/web as the new, cost-effective, and efficient distribution, marketing and customer care environment; thus most of them are taking advantage these e-services, specifically, online booking or reservation system. In order to facilitate the development of a system which can meets its goals a nd is also efficient, research suggests that the different elements of the system such as the interface code, server side scripting code and database code be separated. This is a common theory which industry has adopted because it allows people with different skills to develop a system simultaneously. This concept or is often termed N-tier architecture (B’Far 2005) and will be incorporated into the project. Developing online booking systems has many advantages both for the client and the business that provides online

What do The Bell Jar and Catcher in the Rye identify as the main Essay

What do The Bell Jar and Catcher in the Rye identify as the main concerns of the 1950s for young people - Essay Example Holden Caulfield, the protagonist of Catcher in the Rye and Esther, the protagonist of The Bell Jar are characters deeply rooted in this conflicting and confusing time. It is probably no accident, then, that both these characters seek professional help in dealing with what may be madness or insanity, or what must may be the stress of living in a time that is not easily understood or explained. Women in America went to work after the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the entry into World War II, and many of them decided that they liked it; American men took it upon themselves in the 1950s to attempt the enforced removal repression of that desire to remain at work. Until America joined the war to fight the dreaded Hun (and the Japanese) in the latter part of 1941, women as a rule really hadn’t had much of a choice in terms of vocation. Unless they were raised on the farm, women basically had the choice of becoming a wife and possibly mother, or, if they desired to enter the work force, taking a job in one of the male-approved female jobs such as secretary or nursing. With the depletion of male work force into the service from 1941 to 1945, women all over the country got a taste of what it was like to work in a variety of jobs ranging from factory worker to professionals. As Tucker writes, women in the 40s were â€Å"commonly portrayed as performing her patriotic duty†”taking a job so that a man could fight† (18). The symbol of the American woman’s liberation was Rosie the Riveter and Hollywood applauded the working woman throughout the films of the early 40s. The only problem is that once the men came home and got their jobs back, many women were not expressing the jubilation of going back home that was expected. Esther’s alienation in The Bell Jar and Holden’s somewhat paternalistic attitude toward women reflect the confusion and tumult

Day of Nonconfirmity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Day of Nonconfirmity - Essay Example The second problem is that as I looked at my behavior, I saw several aspects where I was already a nonconformist, in a sense making me different from the others. In these areas of my life - such as the way I thought about good and bad, the right thing to do and why I do certain things - I thought differently from others my age. This is because I was trained to be somewhat independent and think on my own. So my problem was: should I continue being true to myself and behave as I am, different in these respects from the others, or should I be nonconforming by nonconforming to myself I thought hard before I realized that I could leave those nonconformist behaviors intact and continue being true to myself, because this is one of the goals of this experiment, and instead to look at those aspects of my life where I was conformist, where I flowed with the crowd for no other reason than because I found it the right thing to do. I took mental note of those points in my day and then planned what I had to otherwise do. When I woke up on the appointed day, I had a mantra: "Be true" and "Swim against the current".

Debate Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Debate - Research Paper Example This amounts to a gross violation of the established Military Rules of engagement, UN conventions and the International Criminal Law. In that context it will be really practical to back such claims with available and authentic statistics. As per the statistics provided by B’Tselem, the Israeli Information Centre for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, an organization, which is very careful and meticulous about the violation of human rights in the occupied territories, since September, 2000, Israeli security forces have killed almost 1,463 Palestinian children in the occupied territories (Online). A large proportion of these children were killed by the Israelis while pursuing normal day to day activities like while playing, going to school, being at home, etc. (B’Tselem: Online). Also, more than fifty percent of these Palestinian children got killed as a direct result of the Israeli air and ground offensives and owing to indiscriminate firing by the Israeli forces. Also as per B’Tselem, in the same time period, Israeli forces deployed in the occupied territories killed almost 6379 Palestinians, of which 6359 Palestinians were killed on their own land (Online). Most of these victims were no way directly engaged in conflict with the Israeli forces and were unarmed.

PMI Certification Essay Example for Free

PMI Certification Essay PMI (2008) certification is quite renowned and if one posses the certification they are usually believed to depict higher degree of professionalism and project management techniques to get across their expertise for the projects to initiate and supervise the project management activities. The question which we are faced is whether a certified PMI individual without any prior working experience in IT project team can be hired successfully or not. The answer to it can be judged with the following reasons: A certificate provides one with enough knowledge to learn the project management activities and appropriate decision making tasks, however it cannot teach one to understand how to avoid those difficulties and complexities in the first place. The decision making abilities can never be learned in theory unless one is exposed to the real scenarios for understanding the very nature of the complexities that can develop with time. Real time experience exposes one to the various unmeasured complexities that can arise which must be solved with proper human skills that cannot be taught in books and texts. The various factors and the dynamic variables which envelopes a project can be better understood if one is open to the social, economic and political elements affecting a project. Often setting costs and budgets are influenced with the economic decisions of the state and influenced with international stock and exchange rates which must be studied accordingly and are never taught in texts. The exceptional situations in the projects like people management, client management are some traits which are learned over time and one is able to judge it with personal ethics which no certification can master. Taking the above suggestions in mind, I would not go forward in hiring the individual with no IT project team expertise and with a PMI certificate. References / Bibliography PMI.org (2008). Retrieved 14, January 2008 from http://www.pmi.org/CareerDevelopment/Pages/Our-Credentials.aspx

Human Hair Profiling with FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

Human Hair Profiling with FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics Profiling of Human Hairs using FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics Technique AUFA MADIHAH BT MOHAMAD ANWAR Research Proposal Topic Profiling of Human Hairs using FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics Technique. This research is about classifying human hair (subjects) using FTIR and Chemometrics. The subjects should be Malay, Woman and included in one of the age group required. (20-30, 31-40, 41-50, >60) Introduction Background Study Human hair is ÃŽ ±- keratin proteins and contains DNA which are collected as physical evidence in a crime scene. It can provide important information in assisting an investigation. Usually, the evidence (fiber) is obtained by physical contact between perpetrator with victim or/and perpetrator with surrounding or/and victim with surrounding. This theory is based on ‘Locard’s Principle of Exchange’ which states that â€Å"every contact leaves a trace†. The current forensic procedures use comparisons of hair morphology by microscopic examination and mitochondrial DNA analyses. Microscopic examinations of the morphological characteristics of human hairs indicate the thickness, color, shape, body area (e.g. scalp or pubic, axilla (chest, armpit and limb regions)), race and method of removal whether forcibly removed or naturally fall off. In addition, there is not enough data on human hair. There had been a research in differentiating human hair according to the race. Thus, to create additional data about human hair this research will be conducted on different age group. The subjects for this research should be Malay, woman and is included in one of the age group required (20-30, 31-40, 41-50, >60). 200 subjects will be needed and 50 subjects per age group are required. Hair sample will be taken from these 200 subjects and will be examine using FTIR- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy method. The data obtained will be analyze using Chemometrics. 3.0 Literature Reviews 3.1 Human Hair Hair starts from its root embedded in the follicle, through the dermis, epidermis, stratum corneum, skin, into a shaft and stops at the tip end. Human hair is usually 15-100 µ in diameter. There are three major of regions in human hair that are identifiable using FTIR-ATR (Figure 1). The core or medulla which is 5-10 µ in diameter is being wrapped by cortex which makes up the bulk of the hair. The outermost layer of hair is known as cuticle which it thickness is less than 5 µ. (Feughelman M.et al., 1997) Figure 1: Diagram of human hair cross section using ATR. 3.1.1 Cuticle The external layer of the fiber which consists of flattened overlapping scales is known as cuticle (Figure 2). Cuticle stabilizes the hair. Figure 2: Schematic diagram of illustrating the morphological of a human hair fiber Cuticle cell is separated by the cell membrane matrix (CMM) which is a strong adhesive layer. The CMM is made up of a central, polysaccharide ÃŽ ´-layer in between two ÃŽ ²-layers (lipid rich). Distinct layers, epicuticle, A-layer, exocuticle, and endocuticle can be found in a mature cuticle cell. The distinct layers have different levels of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Epicuticle is approximately 80% protein and 5% lipid and it is chemically resistant. The A-layer resists physical and chemical forces and is cystine rich (30%). An illustration of the cross section of developed cuticle cell is shown in figure 3. (Jolles P. et al., 1997) Figure 3: A schematic diagram of the developed cuticle cross section. 3.1.2 Cortex Cortex is covered and surrounded by cuticle. Cortex is responsible for the mechanical properties of the fiber. It is composed of elongated, spindle-shaped cortical cells packed closely that are parallel oriented to the axis of the fiber. Cortical cells are typically 100 µm in length and 5 µm in width aligned along the axis of the fiber. It is made up by fine micro fibrils that are comprised of ÃŽ ±-helical proteins. Macrofibrils (approximately 100-400nm in diameter) is made up of grouped microfibrils which are 7nm in diameter. 60 % of the cortex (by mass) was made up by macrofibrils which were embedded in an amorphous protein matrix. (Jolles P. et al., 1997) 3.1.3 Medulla Medulla is the inner part of the hair fiber. It is also known as core with a diameter of 5-10  µm. The medulla may be completely absent or a double medulla may be observed. It has high lipid content (citrulline). The structure of medulla has a porous structure formed by sponge-like keratin ad some vacuoles filled with air resulting from the differentiation process. The medulla was separated from cortex by CMM. (Jolles P. et al., 1997) 3.2 Chemical Structure 3.2.1 ÃŽ ±-Keratin Proteins Keratin is a part of fibrous structural proteins and is the important material making up the outer layer of human skin and it is also key structural component of hair and nails. In a single fiber, keratin constitutes about 85% of the mass. Condensation of L-amino acids formed polypeptide chains which were contained in high molecular weight polymer (keratin). Peptide bond (links the amino acid) was formed through the condensation. Multiple condensations will produce polypeptide chain which becomes the backbone of the ÃŽ ±-keratin fiber. The reaction was shown in Figure 4: Figure 4: Condensation reactions of amino acids. The side chains (R1 and R2 group) of the amino acid residues for ÃŽ ±-keratin are corresponded to different age group. (Feughelman M.et al., 1997) 3.3 Forensic – Hair as Physical Evidence 3.3.1 What is Forensic and Trace Evidence? Forensic was derived from Latin word forensic which is â€Å"of or used in courts of law†. It also denotes the application of scientific methods and techniques to the investigation of crime. Forensic involves trace evidence which can also be defined as physical evidence of minute in the form fiber (textile, human or animal), soil, glass, fingerprints and tons other that needed to be analyze under microscopic comparison. The presence and recovery of trace evidence is crucial to help in an investigation. DeForest states that â€Å"trace evidence has an important role to play in both the investigative and adjudicative phases of a case†. ‘Locards Principle of Exchange’ stated that â€Å"every contact leaves a trace† is a fundamental theory on how trace evidence could exist in the crime scene. (Fido M. et al., 2003) 3.3.2 The Importance of Hair (Fiber) as Evidence Hair and fibre is important in providing valuable information in identifying the assailant or attacker. The discovery of hair evidence can help in distinguish race and sex. Even though hair is benign dead matter it still contains DNA to be extrapolated. Human hair is usually found in the crime scene as shown in Table 1. It can be naturally shed (normal hair-growth cycle) or forcibly remove. (Robbins C.R., 1994) Table 1: Histogram of the relationship between the frequencies with different types of trace evidence occurs in criminal cases. (Broad J., 1988) 3.4 Current Forensic Methods in Analyzing Hair Evidence 3.4.1 Macroscopic Analysis The hair evidence will first undergo visual examination followed by macroscopic examination of the hair morphology. The physical appearances (length, shape, root, tip, color, etc.) are observed and measured. (Phillips J.H., 1989) 3.4.2 Microscopy 3.4.2.1 Optical Light Microscopy and Stereomicroscopy Stereomicroscope, compound light/polarizing microscope, transmitted light comparison microscope and the laser confocal microscope are four types of microscopes used to examine the hair fiber (evidence). Through light microscope and stereomicroscope, racial origin, species and the somatic (body location) origin can be determined. The scanning laser confocal microscope is used to analyze the transverse cross-section which is important in determining the somatic origin or ethnicity. Comparison microscope is used for next step by comparing the evidence with known fibers from suspect. Conclusions are drawn from all these observations and analysis. (Ogle Jr. R. R. et al., 1999) 3.4.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy Scanning Electron Microscopy can be used to analyze trace physical evidence (fibers, paints, glass and gunshot residues. SEM highlights the surface topography of the external cuticle layer in great detail with greater depth of field than a stereomicroscope. (Taylor et al., 1971) SEM is more preferable than Optical Light Microscopy. SEM can identify the species of the fiber evidence. It can differ human fiber from animals or wools or etc. But, â€Å"SEM is difficult for comparison of human hairs because the variability in the surface topography, distribution and appearance of the scales within one head are great, according to the natural and cosmetic history†. Thus, SEM also lack in aiding the investigation involving human hair as evidence. (Kupferschmid T.D. et al., 1994) 3.4.3 DNA Analysis DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is human genetic code which no one will have the same. DNA is in the cell nucleus and in extra-nuclear organelles of the cell, known as mitochondria. It is responsible in determining our physical characteristics. (Davis C.L., 1998) In hair, there are two sources of DNA traces that can be analyze for forensic purpose which can be found at follicular tissue and the cells on the hair root. The hair that was forcibly removed from head has its root attached. However, most human fiber that found in the crime scene (ca. 90%) is in telogen phase (naturally shed) therefore the hair does not contain a growing root. There are three types of telogen hair: root without any soft tissues remnant root with a small amount of soft tissue attached root with a large amount of soft tissue attached Hair roots that have soft tissues attached contain some cell with nucDNA. A study was conducted to investigate the nucDNA content in anagen versus telogen hair fibers. No nucDNA copies were detected in the shed hairs while the plucked hair contains an average 25,800 nucDNA.(Andreasson et al.,2006) In 2001, a series of single Short Tandem Repeats (STR) typing steps and during consecutive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA that had been extracted from the hair was fixed onto a membrane. (Hellman A. et al., 2001) In 2010, a proposal of a new screening test to visualize DNA with 4-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) which is a fluorescent molecule that binds on the double-stranded DNA, between A and T base pairs. The visible nuclear DNAs can be count with the use of a fluorescence microscope and it can quickly discard hair that is less suitable for STR-typing. Thus, the attention was given to hair with highest potential for results. (Bourguignon et al., 2010) 3.5 FTIR Spectroscopy Fourier-transform Spectrometer is used in infrared absorption spectroscopy. Fourier-transform is a mathematical process. The term Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is originated from the fact that a Fourier transform is needed to convert the raw data into the actual spectrum. Dispersive spectrometer which measure intensity over a small range of wavelengths at a time is different with FTIR spectrometer which simultaneously collects spectral data in a large spectral range. Thus, FTIR is more preferable. Figure 5 show a diagram that represents Michelson interferometer. From a broadband source a radiation strikes the beam splitter. Some the light is transmitted to a stationary mirror and some of the light are reflected to a movable mirror and the moving mirror is not in phase. A pattern called an interferogram which contains all the frequencies that make up the IR spectrum was produce by interfering constructively and destructively. The interferogram can be decomposed into its comp onent wavelengths which will resulted in a plot of intensity versus frequency. (Griffiths P.R. et al., 1986) Figure 5: Schematic diagram of the Michelson Interferometer. 3.6 Chemometrics and Forensic Science Chemometrics is the chemical discipline that uses statistical or mathematical methods to chemical data while forensic science is a discipline that formulates conclusions on a purely objective basis. It is compulsory for forensic scientist to follow strict and rigid statistical protocols in reaching a conclusion regarding analytical data. Thus, chemometrics is vital as it is capable in generating multidimensional data. By using chemometrics conclusions of research and analysis data can be obtained. (Bereton R.G., 2003) Chemometrics research can cover various areas of different methods and can be used in chemistry. There are methods for: Collecting data Optimization parameters of the parameter Experiments Design Calibration and signal processing Getting knowledge from the data Statistics Structure-property-relationship estimations Chemometrics helps in building a connection between the techniques and their application in chemistry. (Beebe K.R. et al., 1998) 4.0 Problem Statement These days when a crime occur it is hard to find the perpetrator due to lack of evidence. Although there is evidence but, there is no data that is available to describe the perpetrator. For an example, human fiber or hair can be found in crime scene. However without the data, the hair which is also evidence can’t be identified. Furthermore, there is no research in finding whether there is difference in human hair of different age group. Moreover, can FTIR and chemometrics helps in profiling human hair research. Objectives There are several aims or objectives that this research holds: To further the investigation regarding human scalp hair (fibers) to create new database about human hair in different age group. To determined and classified the differences of human scalp hair according to their respective age group. To analyze the FTIR data using Chemometrics.

UN Declaration of Human Rights Essay -- Human Rights Essays

I am not going to argue that we are born with human rights given to us by a higher power. I do not believe this is true as so many people around the world are stripped of their rights almost daily. I do believe that we need to adhere to and respect human rights without discrimination in order to advance as a species which brings me to the declaration of human rights drawn up by the United Nations. As said by Human Rights activist Shulamith Koenig â€Å"Human Rights are the banks of the river within which life can flow in freedom and dignity.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Does the U.N. declaration of human rights hold value in todays society? I believe the UN plays an extremely important role in todays society and therefore does hold value. As the nations of the world increase their interdependence of one another there will be an increasing need for a multinational body to act as peacekeepers, protectors & negotiators WITHOUT becoming world police. The key to the UN’s power is that it is made up of 99% of the worlds governments. The actions and motivations of the UN are firmly based on their Declaration of human rights which is the first document to receive multinational support for laying down the rights believed to be owed to each and every human being. Human Rights is an issue that has gained much public notice over the last 60 years, mainly starting with the end of world war 2. This is because many of the world problems can be largely traced back to human rights abuse...

Examination of Tennysons use of Narrative Voice in his Poetry Essay

Examination of Tennyson's use of Narrative Voice in his Poetry Tennyson employs the effects of narrative voice frequently in his poetry, the emotional impression of which varies from poem to poem and indeed, from reader to reader. However, within the poems studied the use of a ‘voice’ appears to consistently attempt to convey some theme or emotive experience in which the reader is invited, if not encouraged, to experience from the perspective of the appropriate speaker. In Ulysses the reader is witness to Ulysses’ reminiscences of more exciting years in his past, in which he laments over the reversion of his life to that of an ‘idle king’. Here, Tennyson is able to present a recurrent theme in his poetry: activity or the lack thereof. However, the use of a persona provides the reader with a more personally emotional representation of this theme, evoking an empathy perhaps not achievable otherwise. The admirable resistance of Ulysses to the incompetency of old age is extremely persuasive, his optimism affects the reader in such a way as to sway them towards a similar opinion and ...

presidential elections over the years :: essays research papers

Presidential Elections: Then and Now The presidency is the single most important position in all of American government. Who the presidents were and what they did say a lot about America as a whole. In colonial America, the election of public and church officials could probably date back to the very beginning at Plymouth Rock. In the presidential era of the late 19th century, the job as president was considered just that, a job. The presidents made little effort to reach out to the public unlike today where that is the main audience; they need to make the public happy. The president was seen as merely a type of civil servant. All other parts of the government were more important. For example, Congress, who controlled the federal budget, public issues, and legislation, allowed no type of interference from the president. Today the president is more of a leader, equip with more power than in the past. Today the United States Constitution states that there is a right to hold elections, but the methods and places are left up to the state. It also states that the elections of presidents and vice presidents are to be indirect, which means that they are chosen by electors whom are selected by the people-the Electoral College. There is more emphasis on what the people want and need. This is one result of a changing government and society. With these changes came changes in the way the presidential elections were seen and controlled and also the methods taken to achieve a victory. There are many differences in the presidential elections of the late 19th, early 20th century and with the elections of today, however there are similarities too. The major areas about presidential elections that are easily comparable are the areas of campaigning, debates, and issues. In the early years of the nation, men would be asked to take political office. These men were supposedly well known and their character and experience were expected to speak for themselves. As politics democratized in the 19th century, men began to â€Å"run† for public office by promoting themselves through campaigning. This was true for all offices except the presidency. The public and press were opposed to presidential campaigning because it was a too dignified position for the candidates to embarrass themselves with personal salesmanship. People felt the president should be above partisanship. This way he would be able to act for the common good. presidential elections over the years :: essays research papers Presidential Elections: Then and Now The presidency is the single most important position in all of American government. Who the presidents were and what they did say a lot about America as a whole. In colonial America, the election of public and church officials could probably date back to the very beginning at Plymouth Rock. In the presidential era of the late 19th century, the job as president was considered just that, a job. The presidents made little effort to reach out to the public unlike today where that is the main audience; they need to make the public happy. The president was seen as merely a type of civil servant. All other parts of the government were more important. For example, Congress, who controlled the federal budget, public issues, and legislation, allowed no type of interference from the president. Today the president is more of a leader, equip with more power than in the past. Today the United States Constitution states that there is a right to hold elections, but the methods and places are left up to the state. It also states that the elections of presidents and vice presidents are to be indirect, which means that they are chosen by electors whom are selected by the people-the Electoral College. There is more emphasis on what the people want and need. This is one result of a changing government and society. With these changes came changes in the way the presidential elections were seen and controlled and also the methods taken to achieve a victory. There are many differences in the presidential elections of the late 19th, early 20th century and with the elections of today, however there are similarities too. The major areas about presidential elections that are easily comparable are the areas of campaigning, debates, and issues. In the early years of the nation, men would be asked to take political office. These men were supposedly well known and their character and experience were expected to speak for themselves. As politics democratized in the 19th century, men began to â€Å"run† for public office by promoting themselves through campaigning. This was true for all offices except the presidency. The public and press were opposed to presidential campaigning because it was a too dignified position for the candidates to embarrass themselves with personal salesmanship. People felt the president should be above partisanship. This way he would be able to act for the common good.

Maiden Voyage Essay

The given passage taken from Denton Welch’s Maiden Voyage starts with a clear and concise statement that brings focus on mainly three details, the first being that the writer is a lively and independent foreigner or in other words, an extrovert, the second and third being that the time is morning and there are two more characters, Mr Butler and Mr Roote involved respectively. Mr Butler clearly warns the writer that ‘foreigners are not welcome here’ and he should preferably stay out of the locals’ way. This tells us that the Chinese prefer being isolated and like mixing amongst themselves. This statement is quite ironic because Mr Butler himself seems as if he is of English origin. No outgoing traveller would like hearing this and naturally the writer doesn’t like being confined between the four walls of the room when he could be doing several other outdoor activities. The writer also uses strong emotional language such as ‘hated’, ‘fiercely’ and ‘brooding’ to reinforce this. The symbolism of the ‘moth eaten ball and the old tennis racket’ informs the reader that hardly anyone uses the sports equipment. The incredibly rebellious writer vents outs his anger by striking these old worn out balls fiercely against the stable doors. It is this lack of excitement that leads the stubborn writer to trouble. He decides to take matters to his own hands and foolishly escapes out in the country side. Whilst this escape from drudgery is happening, Mr Butler and Mr Roote are so deeply engrossed in their own conversation that they fail to realize that the writer is running away. To the reader, this clearly suggests that they are content not to look outside their own world and have not moved on from this morning’s conversation whereas the writer on the other hand has. The writer uses mysterious and exotic language to describe the country. The still silence, the hot sand, the ‘stunted bushes’ left the writer overwhelmed maybe because he was used to an entirely different landscape. The grass is tall, tall enough for a person to hide and was also described as ‘rank’ maybe because it had a stench to it and also, the fact that it was as ‘sharp as knives’ made it even more hard as well as dangerous to walk on. ‘The soles of my shoes began to burn’ suggests that temperatures were high, high enough to leave the writer dehydrated and exhausted. The reader is left behind with an image similar to that of that of a dream, a hot dream.

Why There We Have Winners and Losers in the Automotive Industry

One reasons that has exposed some automobile companies to severe vagaries of recession while sparing others is the existence of structural differences between the so called auto â€Å"transplants† or foreign auto mobile manufacturing in the United States and the major automobile companies incorporated and domiciled in the United States i. e. General Motors, Chrysler, Ford and the like.The so called ‘transplants’ better represented by Toyota, Hyundai and the like are structured in such a way that they can access credit from their mother countries most of which for instance were not severely affected by the recent recession if compared with the United States (Ohno, 1988). Their deep pocket and this ready pool of credit from their mother countries made them less susceptible to the vagaries of financial meltdown. Another factor that has prejudiced some automakers while favoring others is what analysts have called bad practices of the Big Three United States automakers .These ‘bad’ practices are the ones that are responsible for the big cost differentials that have existed for some time now between them and the ‘transplant’. Another tragedy that has benefited the transplants at the expense of the Big Three is the high prices of automobile fuels that have been occasioned by the recession (Ohno, 1988). In this regard the Big Three US automakers known for their SUVs and Pickup Trucks which normally consume more fuel have found themselves uncompetitive due to the avoidance of fuel guzzlers in the United States due to the high oil prices and reduced disposable income due to inflation.Most of those who have avoided these fuel guzzlers have migrated to the cheaper and more fuel efficient car made from the so called transplant i. e. Toyota, Hyundai, et al. The labor costs have also overwhelmed the Big Three US automakers more than others from foreign countries manufacturing in the United States (McCracken, 2006). This is due to t he fact that their workers are unionized and therefore able to press for high salaries while their non-unionized counterparts in the so called transplants do not have such powers (McCracken, 2006).Importance of the New Product Development for Corporation In regard to Toyota’s New Product Development Process with the launch of the Prius The development of new product whether in form of new innovations, new applications or even completely new goods is a necessary component in business because it enhances the viability of the company. By developing new product the company is able to make a mark in the industry which is one of the best survival strategy that today’s companies have perfected in their bid to withstand cutthroat competition that characterize today’s business environment.The importance of continuously and consistently developing new product in today’s business world is better captured in the statement â€Å"innovate or die† which has of la te become a popular catchphrase adopted by both small and large corporate bodies in reference to increasingly knowledgeable consumer demand for the latest and finest products. One of the companies that have embraced the idea of developing new products in an effort to remain competitive while still providing their customers with the newest and finest goods in the respective market is Toyota Corporation.Toyota which is the second largest automaker globally realizes that in order to maintain its brand visibility as a top automaker worldwide it has keep on innovating and coming up with new and more superior models (McCracken, 2006). All these Toyota models that have been launched in succession by Toyota Corporation are informed by this strategy. This strategy has been employed by Toyota for a long time now. However the most recent product of Toyota’s innovative product development is Toyota Prius. The development of Toyota Prius is in line with Toyota’s management desire t o develop newer and more superior cars for this century.The superiority of Prius as a new and different product from the other is better demonstrated by its superior features that include more spacious cabin space, relatively higher seat position, aerodynamic exterior, a 20km/little fuel economy, and a relatively small engine placed horizontally with a variable automatic transmission (McCracken, 2006). References Ohno, Taiichi, (1988). Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production. New York: Productivity Press McCracken, Jeffrey, (2006). Detroit’s Symbol of Dysfunction: Paying Employees Not to Work. The wall street journal online. 06 March 2006

Human Resource Function Essay

How important is it for the organization to determine the effectiveness of the Human Resource Function? Why? The role of human resource management has evolved from merely handling administrative matters to being heavily involved in the company’s strategic planning. This is because more and more companies have recognised the key role that a skilled and competent workforce plays in creating, sustaining, and even increasing value for the organisation. Human resource management is embedded in every phase of an employee’s life cycle in the company, starting with recruitment. It is important for a company to hire new employees who will be able to address its business needs, are qualified, competent and motivated, and most importantly, whose values and principles are aligned with those of the company. It is also the role of the Human Resource (HR) department to market the company as the company of choice, especially for fresh university graduates, in order to get the best talents available. Another critical area of human resource management is talent retention. Sustaining the employee’s interest and promoting loyalty among the workforce can be achieved through a number of ways such as ensuring a healthy and safe working environment, providing competitive compensation packages and benefits, and rewarding outstanding employees who have significantly contributed to the attainment of the company’s goals. The idea is to ensure that the employees are generally happy with their work so that this will reflect on their performance. In addition, the HR department ensures that there are enough programs available to the employees for their training, development and upskilling needs. During and even after retirement, human resource management should also be present to ascertain that employees are satisfied and protected as they leave the organisation. Apart from looking after employees’ welfare throughout their stay in the company, the HR department handles a number of important functions such as internal communications, performance evaluation of employees, and managing an employee’s career development path. More importantly, though, human resource management ensures that the company abides by all national, and sometimes even international, labor laws and regulations. Measuring HR Effectiveness Gone are the days when companies simply believed that HR practices are working; they now want hard facts and quantifiable results to determine if HR is adding value to the organisation. However, measuring the effectiveness of a company’s human resources management should not be limited to its â€Å"people functions†; instead, it should also measure how HR best practices contribute to the attainment of the company’s business goals. In addition, the evaluation of HR’s effectiveness should strike a balance between cost (employee-related expenditures, both direct and indirect) and benefits or impacts on three levels – internal (employees themselves), external (customers, clients and other stakeholders) and business (financial outcomes). Metrics for determining the value of HR internally include manpower productivity which for a water company, for instance, can be expressed as staff per 1,000 connections; periodic performance ratings based on agreed targets and deliverables; turnover rate by age, rank and gender; compensation level against industry standards; training hours per person per year; number of employees who received awards and recognitions for the year; number of labor cases filed by union members; as well as health and safety indicators such as fatalities rate, injury rate, occupational diseases rate, lost day rate and absentee rate. A company can likewise establish the effectiveness of its HR practices by getting feedback from its stakeholders. This is particularly useful for organisations in the service industry. Customer / client satisfaction surveys can help determine how well (or poorly) the existing talent pool is equipped to carry out the company’s services, and how effective they are in addressing customer / client concerns. Results of such surveys will allow the company to evaluate the skills gaps, and consequently, the training and development requirements of its employees. Finally, financial information like revenue, market share, net income, and share price can broadly determine how strong the workforce is from top management down to skilled workers and rank-and-file staff. This is because all companies rely on their people to develop, implement and monitor business functions that should lead to the growth and profitability of the organisation. Importance of Determining HR Effectiveness As we have seen, HR serves as the guardians of employees who, in turn, are the cornerstone of any successful and stable organisation. This means that HR plays a critical role in ensuring the existence of a competent talent pool at any given time that can drive the company to attain its business goals. It is, therefore, important for a company to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of its HR functions. By measuring the level and magnitude of impact of its human resources management, a company may be able to establish whether it is putting in the right amount of investment through the right employee programs and for the right talents. Obviously, a company would not want to overspend on HR programs or processes that do not yield significant impacts or do not add value to the organisation. In addition, when good and comprehensive HR metrics or key performance indicators are in place, a company will be able to adopt a more targeted approach to people development. For instance, if after the annual performance appraisal the company finds out that most of its employees are poor in customer service, then it can develop a training module on customer interaction, negotiation and communication. Similarly, if employee assessment results show that some senior managers are not effective in their posts, then the company can make the necessary adjustments by moving these employees to another unit where their expertise will be maximised, and finding the most qualified talent to take their place. Evaluating the level of success of its HR department will also send a positive signal to employees especially when the company asks for their opinion. It will make them feel that the company is really committed to safeguard their welfare while working for the company and to hone their skills to become well-rounded professionals. More importantly, measuring the effectiveness of its HR programs and processes will allow the company to understand the kind of employees it has – whether highly skilled, average performers or mostly staff workers – and this will serve as an input to its strategic planning. Say, for example, the company wants to acquire a rival company or buy out a firm that went bankrupt, it will be able to clearly see if it has the needed talents to do so, or if they have available talents who can be seconded to the new subsidiary.

Business Law and Regulation Essay

If Mary damages a client’s hair she would be held liable. According to our textbook, Mary would cause injury to the plaintiff. Mary was to provide a duty of care to the customer. She breached this duty of care â€Å"failure to exercise care or to act as reasonable person would act (Cheeseman, 2010, p. 81). † The reason I state, that is because the customer trusted Mary with their hair and she damaged the client’s hair. As long as Celia and Mary register their boutique name with the United States PTO in Washington, DC, and the PTO approved it, there should not be any legal problems. If Celia and Mary decide to offer their waiting clients free music downloads, they are asking for trouble. In the case of BMG Music v. Gonzalez, Gonzalez thought that as long as she was â€Å"sampling† the music she could leave it on her computer without paying for it. That is not so. According to the courts, Gonzales had engaged in copyright infringement and Gonzalez had to pay $22,500 in damages to BMG (Cheeseman, 2010, p. 117). I would advise them making this huge mistake unless; they decide to pay for each download that they are providing to their waiting clients they could be breaking the law. There could be civil liability to Celia and Mary if one of their employees sexually harassed a customer. This falls under the negligence of an agent which states â€Å"in negligence of an agent, the principal is responsible because of the employment contract with the agent. In other words, if an agent acts negligently while being employed by the principal and is acting within the scope of the employment, the principal is also liable for the negligence of the agent, even though the principal did nothing negligent personally (Cheeseman, 2010, p. 474). † If Celia and Mary only hire men they could be charged with sex discrimination. Sex discrimination is â€Å"discrimination against a person solely because of his or her gender (Cheeseman, 2010, p. 515). † It would not matter how they hired whether they ere Independent contractors or employees. If Celia and Mary require the men when they are not selling, to do inventory and clean up the boutique and they set their working hours they cannot be classified as independent contractors. â€Å"The degree of control that the principal has over the agent is the crucial factor that determines whether someone is an independent contractor or an employee (Cheeseman, 2010, p. 481). † Since Celia and Mary seem to have substantial control over their workers we would classify their relationship as an employer-employee relationship. In this case, they would not be able to pay them only on commission for sales; they would have to add in an hourly rate as well. Again if Celia and Mary hire a person based on their age, race, color, or national origin they are setting themselves up for a discrimination lawsuit. If they decide to only hire men who are qualified under the age of 40, they are committing age discrimination. Age discrimination is the â€Å"federal statute that prohibits age discrimination practices against employees who are 40 and older (Cheeseman, 2010, p. 521). †

Prevention of HIV among black African men under 30s in UK Essay - 1

Prevention of HIV among black African men under 30s in UK - Essay Example To communicate effectively, Health promotion and communication theory is the most idea since besides passing the message, it gives the health advantages of the campaign, detailing the most preferred ways of prevention. The high rates of HIV among black men shows that they need to adopt behavior change in order to reduce the high risk of infection. The efficiency of campaigns on behavior change e among these individuals will depend on several factors. These factors are evident from the health belief model. Effective communication should target on ensuring that the target perceives the threat of HIV realistically. This will involve an understanding that an individual is susceptible to the disease. In addition, these men should realize the severity of the disease. HIV management has severe consequences that include economical strains and social stigma. Black men realizing the severity of the matter are likely to conform to behavior change reducing their risk of infection. However, majority of the men in the group of men below thirty years perceive a very low risk of transmitting HIV and hinders preventing measures (Owuor, 2009). The perception of the barriers involved in attaining behavior change is critical in determining whether an individual can overcome the barriers and adopt a responsible sexual behavior. Some youth claim that barriers to behavior change involve the reduction of enjoy ability of sex. For majority of black men below the age of thirty, this is a limiting factor to consistent practice of protected sex. In addition, the societal view of condom use and the portrayal of enjoyment of sex without condoms in mass media hinder the target group from effective behavior change. The commonness of HIV with this group is due to the increase of homosexuality. Most of the homosexuals have not adopted any behavior changes despite the high prevalence. The efficiency of prevention will be determined by

Educational Finance (Budget Calendar) Assignment

Educational Finance (Budget Calendar) - Assignment Example There are steps to be followed in the budgeting process. The first step is usually a review of the program and management achievements and the fiscal performance of the year that is about to end. The objectives are therefore reviewed, the committee will compare the budget to the actual figures, and takes into account the number of people served during each program. The solution obtained after dividing true cost of the program by the number of people served will help analyze the cost per unit of service. Hence, ne goals and objectives should be discussed and an consensus is reached. All the individuals and groups affected by the budget should be involved in the whole process. Consultations are fundamental in the budgeting process. This would minimize unnecessary conflicts during or even after preparation of the budget. In addition, it would also help spearhead the implementation process. A school budget for instance should be inclusive of the parents and teachers as it will have an im pact on them either directly or indirectly. Parents have a responsibility of paying school fees for their sons and daughters hence have exclusive rights for information on how school funds are used. At the district level, it is the responsibility of the civilians to interrogate how fund are utilized in the development of infra-structural projects such as road construction, railway lines, hospitals, electrification projects among other social amenities. Because they pay taxes, it is their right to scrutinize how district budgeting committees prioritize their fiscal year spending spree through budgets. Budgets are important tools towards realization of goals and ambitions of any organization. Without budgets, it would be difficult to anticipate what stands good or bad on the way of the organization. The School Budget Many stakeholders are usually involved in the budging process of schools. For instance, the representatives of school administration, the board of Governors, parents as w ell as budgeting experts must be involved either directly or indirectly in the budgeting process. These representatives make up the budget committee. The staff and the Board must all participate in the budgeting process at all phases. The district Budget The budgeting process in the district primarily comprises three phases. First, is the budget formulation. Here the budget is clearly drawn with all-important priorities taken into consideration. The budgeting committee shall have employed thorough consultation among themselves and with the stakeholders and financial experts. The second procedure would be the budget presentation and the congregational process (Van, 2011). This process would ensure that contentious issues are harmonized and attain amicable solution is attained. Members and other groups affected by the budget are allowed to express their reservations about the estimates. Some projects, which were under-estimated in financing, would therefore get much more funding than previously. In addition, those one, which had earlier enjoyed unnecessary huge allocations, would therefore have their finances cut down. Moreover, the white elephant projects would also be scrapped out at this particular stage. Many financial analysts argue that lack of financial expertise in most budgeting activities have seen many district waste funds in projects that are never viable at all or even those that they waste a lot of money in never to finish. However, it is important to

Marbury v Madison Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marbury v Madison - Coursework Example In deciding the case the court stated that Marbury had the right to have the appointment however the court had no power to force him to do so. This decision elevated the power of the Judiciary to being the final arbiter in constitutional matters and thus an empowerment to the judicial fraternity. A contrary decision would mean that the congress was the ultimate decision maker and thus would have weakened the judicial power and given the congress higher position on legal matters. Justice John Marshall had to side with Marbury considering that he had been the previous secretary of state who was part of issuing the appointments to Marbury and hence his working ought to have been respected by his successor Madison. Further, Marshall had to protect the position of the Judiciary as the chief justice and set a precedent of the Courts as the final arbiter and constitutional watchdog. The court was not convicted that if they compelled the congress to issue the commission it would have complied with the same. To protect itself from any form of embarrassment and a point that it would have created a notion in the public that it was not as powerful as they knew it was prudent that the court stated that the although Marbury was entitled to the appointment but it could not force the congress to grant the appointment. The court has power to force compliance however this is made use of carefully. Where such order may embarrass the power of the court, the courts have always given reasons why they opt not to pursue the same. Where a writ of Mandamus is advanced by the court and the person being compelled ignores the same, it embarrass the power of the court and makes it look powerless. This explains the careful decision of the Supreme Court in Marbury vs. Madison. (Van Alstyne, W. W., & Marshall, J., 1969 p.